Etiketter

tisdag 4 september 2018

Ruotsin Kolmården Tropicarium esittää myös mamboja

http://www.tropicarium.se/visa_djur/?id=189
Jos mamboja on eläintarhasas, lie lähistössä (Tukholmasssa)  aina saatavilla  vastaseerumia mahdollisille  käärmeenpuremille, joita voi työtapaturmana tulla, arvelen.  

Katsauksia mamban pureman biologiasta ja hoidosta

 1996
https://www.wemjournal.org/article/S1080-6032(96)71002-5/pdf

2017 Sveitsi,  A case report
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cricc/2017/5021924/
 Abstract

Mambas (genus Dendroaspis) are among the most feared venomous African snakes. Without medical treatment, mamba bites are frequently fatal. First-aid treatment includes lymphatic retardation with the pressure immobilization technique. Medical management comprises continuous monitoring, securing patency of the airway, ensuring adequate ventilation, symptomatic measures, and administration of specific antivenin. We report an unusual case of a snake breeder bitten by a black mamba in Switzerland, report the clinical course, and review the lifesaving emergency management of mamba bites. This case highlights the importance of early antivenin administration and suggests that emergency and critical care physicians as well as first responders all around the world should be familiar with clinical toxinology of exotic snake bites as well as with the logistics to most rapidly make the specific antivenin available.

“The snake bites the tamer first.”
Romanian Proverb.
 1. Introduction

Dendroaspis polylepis (black mamba) is one of the most dangerous snakes worldwide. Without medical treatment, mamba bites are frequently fatal [1]. As mamba bites are rare in Europe [2–5] treatment can be challenging, particularly if rapid administration of antivenin fails [6]. We report the case of a Swiss snake breeder who was bitten by a black mamba, report the typical clinical course, and review the management of neurotoxic snake bites.
2. Case Presentation

Written informed consent for publication was obtained from the patient.

While feeding a 5-year-old male black mamba, a 34-year-old snake breeder suddenly noticed a tiny bloody mark on his forearm and, at the same time, a slight tingling of his lips. He immediately realized that he had been bitten and called a befriended snake expert to seek advice. The patient was thus able to provide the first responders with detailed information about the snake and on where to obtain the corresponding antivenin. He instructed his wife to apply a pressure bandage to the forearm. Within the next five minutes, chest tightness, generalized paresthesia, and fasciculation occurred. Upon arrival of the ambulance, the patient was unable to walk, was tachypneic, and had prominent dysarthria. Assuming a concomitant allergic reaction, the paramedics administered methylprednisolone, clemastine, and adrenaline before transferring the patient to the nearest hospital. In the meantime, the Swiss helicopter ambulance collected the antivenin from one of the 8 national antivenin depots.

Forty minutes after the bite, the patient arrived in the emergency department, complaining of worsening fasciculations and paresthesia affecting the extremities and the face. On physical examination, he was fully conscious with a heart rate of 105/min and a blood pressure of 165/80 mmHg. He was tachypneic at 30/min. Pulse oximetry revealed an oxygen saturation of 95% on room air. There were two tiny puncture wounds with local swelling and redness on the left forearm. Motor function was normal, except for mild ptosis. Seventy minutes after the bite, the patient was given 2 vials (20 ml) of “SAMIR Polyvalent Snake Antivenin” together with 2.5 mg of IV midazolam for ongoing hyperventilation. Thereafter, the patient was transferred to our tertiary intensive care unit for further treatment.

Upon arrival in our ICU, the patient was hemodynamically stable but still tachycardic and tachypneic. Fasciculations, dysarthria, and ptosis had slightly improved. ECG showed a grade 1 atrioventricular block without any other abnormalities. Initial laboratory tests were unremarkable, apart from moderate respiratory alkalosis. Over the next few hours, sweating, chills, and difficulty with swallowing as well as nausea occurred. However, the airway was never compromised, coughing reflex was intact, and respiratory failure did not occur. Therefore, and because of initial concerns about a possible allergic reaction, we decided against further antivenin administration. On the next day, symptoms of envenomation had improved, but the patient developed cellulitis of the bitten forearm and rhabdomyolysis, with a peak serum creatine kinase level of 16,049 U/L. Upon treatment with intravenous fluids and amoxicillin/sulbactam, his condition gradually improved. After four days in the hospital, he was discharged home with muscular pain as the only residual symptom. A few weeks later, the patient had fully recovered.
3. Discussion

Snake bites by Dendroaspis are rare in Europe. In 1987 Markwalder and Koller [2] described two cases of bites by Dendroaspis viridis (the green mamba). In France, one victim survived a green mamba bite although administration of antivenin failed [6]. Bites by black mambas have been reported in Germany [3] and in the Czech Republic [4]. To our knowledge, our case is the third registered black mamba bite in Switzerland and the first to be published.

The venom of black mambas is highly neurotoxic and contains a combination of α-neurotoxins, which induce postsynaptic blockade of the neuromuscular junctions, and dendrotoxins, which inhibit the voltage-dependent potassium channels, enhancing the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thus producing a neuromuscular block similar to a depolarizing block [7, 8]. In contrast, fasciculins act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, thus increasing the availability of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and producing generalized, long-lasting fasciculations [9]. Calciseptine, another venom component, inhibits smooth muscle contraction and cardiac function by blocking L-type calcium channels [10]. The venom does not usually cause tissue destruction and necrosis [11, 12] as it lacks significant protease activity [13], although it does contain low percentages of other proteins, such as metalloproteinases (MMPs) , hyaluronidase, prokineticin, nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phospholipase A2 (PLA2) , 5′-nucleotidase, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) [7].

After a mamba bite, symptoms can occur as quickly as within 10 minutes [13]. A tingling sensation at the site of the bite may be the only initial sign of envenomation [14]. Other neurological symptoms include miosis, ptosis, blurred vision, bulbar symptoms, paresthesia, fasciculations, ataxia, and loss of consciousness. General signs of envenomation may include local pain, nausea, cough, and profuse sweating from asympthetic overstimulation. In severe cases, intubation, mechanical ventilation, and circulatory support may be necessary [4].

First-aid management includes reassuring the patient, removing constricting jewelry, and lymphatic retardation with pressure immobilization technique. Multiple bites are common, as mambas can strike repeatedly. A bandage is wrapped starting proximal to the bite site, just above the fingers or toes, and should cover the entire limb. Subsequent immobilization by a splint is recommended [15]. The bandage is not removed until administration of antivenin [16]. A tourniquet is not recommended.

The cornerstone of medical management is ensuring patent airway and adequate ventilation, providing circulatory support when necessary, and intravenous administration of specific antivenin [17]. Antivenin treatment should be considered whenever mamba envenomation is diagnosed by the presence of the systemic or neurological signs described above. Absence of fang marks does not preclude envenomation. On the other hand, presence of fang (myrkkyhammas) marks does not confirm it, since dry bites may occur. The recommended initial dose of SAIMR polyvalent antiserum is 20 ml (2 vials) [18]. Additional antivenin (up to five times the initial dose) should be titrated against the signs and symptoms of envenomation. Antivenin treatment is effective even when neurotoxic effects have become quite pronounced [19]. Therefore, there is no upper time limit for antivenin administration [20].

Antivenin therapy is not without risks. IgE-mediated allergic reactions including frank anaphylaxis can occur either to the antivenin or to the venom itself [21]. Delayed reactions (within 6–21 days after exposure) do occur, such as urticaria and serum sickness disease [22]. However, given the poor prognosis of an untreated mamba bite, even an anaphylactic response does not represent a contraindication to antivenin administration. In such cases, antivenin infusion should be temporarily discontinued and the patient should be stabilized before the antivenin infusion is resumed at a slower rate. An intravenous test dose of 1 ml diluted in 9 ml normal saline may be used in patients at high risk of allergic reactions. Limited evidence supports the use of prophylactic epinephrine prior to the administration of antivenins [23, 24]. There is no evidence for pretreatment with either antihistamines or corticosteroids [25, 26].

In our patient, fasciculation, muscle contractions, bulbar paralysis, and rhabdomyolysis were the main clinical symptoms. Respiratory failure did not occur for three possible reasons. First reason is the patient’s immediate recognition of the bite and exemplary first-aid response, including pressure bandage and physical rest. Second, although the venom metering hypothesis is controversial [27] the amount of venom injected was probably submaximal as the bite was most likely defensive. Third, the rapid availability of antivenin prevented further deterioration, especially respiratory failure. However, the clinical course probably would have been more severe, if the patient himself had not reacted so swiftly. Our report highlights the importance of early antivenin administration. Emergency and critical care physicians as well as first responders around the world should, therefore, be familiar with clinical toxinology of snake bites and with the logistics to most rapidly make the specific antivenin available.
Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
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Vihreä tai musta mamba purrut Landvetterissä miestä

Vastamyrkkyä ei Sahlgrensskassa juuri tätä kärmelajia kothaan, joten  sitä kiikutettiin Tukholmasta.
Green mamba venom
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torsdag 9 augusti 2018

9 vuotiaan tytön kyynpurematapaus Suomessa 13.7.18.

https://www.facebook.com/notes/tyks-medisiininen-toimialue/kyyn-purema-potilasohje/364523417388557/?fref=mentions

Kyykäärmeen tunnistaa selän tummasta sahalaitakuviosta ja se on ainut myrkyllinen käärmelaji Suomessa. Yleensä kyy pakenee ihmistä, mutta uhattuna saattaa myös purra. Pistojälki on tyypillisesti kaksi 3-4mm:n etäisyydellä toisistaan olevaa pientä reikää. Kyyn puremasta aiheutuu paikallisia oireita noin kolmelle neljästä ja vakavampia oireita yhdelle neljästä. Kaikki kyyn puremat vaativat lääkärin arvion. Sairaalahoitoa vaativia riskiryhmiä ovat lapset, iäkkäät, ja raskaana olevat.
Puremasta aiheutuvia oireita ovat: -punoitus ja turvotus purema-alueella -hengenahdistus ja kurkunpään turvotus -hikoilu ja ripuli -päänsärky sekä tajunnan häiriöt - myöhäisoireina voi ilmaantua raajojen tuntohäiriöitä, paikallisia rakkuloita ja pidempään kestäviä ihon värimuutoksia 
 Kyyn purressa muista seuraavat ohjeet: - rauhoittele pureman uhria - älä koske tai käsittele purema-aluetta - jos pisto raajassa, laita kohoasentoon turvotuksen estämiseksi - piston uhrin ei tule käyttää raajaa ja lihastyötä on vältettävä, joten lastoita raaja ja mahdollisuuksien mukaan kanna piston uhri pois paikalta - jos hoitoon pitkämatka (tunteja), lievän puristussiteen käyttö voi hidastaa myrkyn etenemistä, avaa kuitenkin sidettä tunnin välein 5 minuutiksi - kyytabletin voi ottaa kyypakkauksen ohjeen mukaan, kyypakkauksesta (hydrokortisoni) antamisesta ei ole todistettavasti hyötyä, muttei haittaakaan - älä anna tulehduskipulääkettä Sairaalahoito käsittää tarpeen mukaan nestehoitoa, suuria kortisoniannoksia, antibioottihoitoa ja jäykkäkouristusrokotussuojasta huolehtimisen. Vakavissa myrkytyksissä sairaaloissa voidaan antaa kyyn pureman vastamyrkkyä oireiden hillitsemiseksi.
Teksti: LK Jemina Noutia ja Sisätautien ja kliinisen hematologian erikoislääkäri Marko Vesanen
Kuvat: Pixabay ja Wenche Nyhus"



TAPAUSSELOSTUS Yle uutisissa 
Paikka Kemiön saari
Hoitopaikka TYKS
Artikkeliin liittyy myös kuva , joka on pedagoginen, mutta  EU:n nykysääntöjen mukaan ei saa  kopioida  kuvaa ellei saa  siihen lupaa kirjoittajalta. . Asetan kuitenkin linkin ylle
ja muutaman olennaisen sanan siteeraan:

"Kyy iski hampaansa yhdeksänvuotiaan tytön nilkkoihin – kesälomaviikko vierähti jalat pystyssä sairaalassa

Neljä nopeaa iskua, yksi varpaiden väliin ja kolme nilkkoihin. Kohtaaminen kyyn kanssa ei ollut leikin asia.





torsdag 12 juli 2018

Käärmeenpureman vaaroista. Käärmeseerumin valmistuksesta.

Seniora Läkare lehdessä nr 2, 2018 on artikkeli Dödliga ombett.(Kuolettavat käärmeenpuremat)

Aihe on varsin aktuelli siksikin, kun Pohjoismaihin, ainakin Ruotsiin näyttää salakuljetetun paljon eteläisiä myrkkykäärmeitä ja liskoja, ja ilmasto alkaa osoittaa lämpiämisen merkkejä vuodesta toiseen, joten kaikenlaiset tuodut trooppiset ja subtrooppiset käärmeet, liskot ja muut elukat ja niveljalkaiset voivat ainakin osan vuotta pysyä elossa täkäläisessä miljöössä ihan luonnossa. Tosin viranomaisyhteistyön avulla on paljon maahankuljettajien myrkkykäärmetiloja löydettykin ja asianmukaisia sääntöjä sillekin keräilyhobbylle on kyllä valmiina olemassa.

Kirjoitan muistiin ruotsalaisen tekstin ja suomennan sitä.
Seniora Läkare, sivu 7,2/2018.

”Robin Östberg otti meidät Afrikan matkalle Saharan eteläpuoliseen monien myrkkykäärmeiden maahan. Hän oli aiemmin zoologi ja on nykyään lääkäri. Hän on sitä mieltä, että myrkkykäärmeiden purema on trooppisessa lääketieteessä suurelta osalta unohdettu ongelma.

  • ”Robin Östberg tog oss med på en resa till Afrika söder om Sahara och de många giftormarnas land. Robin, tidigare zoolog, nu läkare menade att bett av giftiga ormar är ett i stort sett bortglömt tropikmedicinskt problem.
Länsimailla käärmeenpuremia saa 1,8- 2,5 miljoonaa ihmistä vuosittain ja yli 90 000 kuolee käärmeenpuremaan. Altistuneinta on maanviljelysseutujen varaton väestö, varsinkin heidän lapsensa.

  • 1,8-2,5 miljoner människor i västvärlden blir ormbitna varje år, över 90 000 avlider av betten. De fattiga från jordbruksbygderna och deras barn är mest utsatta.

Myrkyt voivat olla hermomyrkkyjä neurotoksiineja, joista aiheutuu halvauksia, verimyrkkyjä hemotoksiineja, joista tulee verenhyytymishäitiöitä ja verenvuotoja, solumyrkkyjä sytotoksiineja , jotka tuhoavat pehmytosakudoksia, tai lihasmyrkkyjä myotoksiineja, jotka aiheuttavat lihaksen särkymistä ja verisuonen pinnan vauriota.

  • Gifterna kan vara neurotoxiner (som orsakar paralyser), hemotoxiner( koagulopatier, blödningar), cytotoxiner (mjukdelsnekroser) eller myotoxiner (muskelsönderfall, endotelskador).
Afrikassa on kaupan joukko valmisteita, jotka ovat lähinnä vaikutuksettomia.
Myrkkyä puristetaan käsin ulos käärmeistä. Tarvitaan 700- 1400 tällaista käärmelypsyä, jotta on koossa tarpeeksi myrkkyä yhdeksi ampulliksi, joka sitten ruiskutetaan hevoseen, ja hevosessa alkaa muodostua vasta-aineita, jotka otetaan talteen.

  • I Afrika saluförs en mängd preparat som är i stort sett verkningslösa. Giftet extraheras manuellt från ormar. Det krävs 700- 1400 ”mjölkningar” av ormar för att få ihop till en ampull gift som sedan injiceras i en häst som bildar antikropparna.
Vasta-aineista tehdään immunoglobuliini IgG- kuivavalmiste, jota voidaan säilyttää ja tarvittaessa liuottaa keittosuolalla (NaCl) injektioksi potilaalle, jota käärme on purrut.

  • En torr beredning av immunoglobulin IgG framställs som kan förvaras och vid behov lösas med NaCl för injektion av den bitne.

Tämä on hyvin kallista, sillä hevonen otetaan hengiltä sen jälkeen, kun vasta-aineet on saatu. Sen takia Euroopassa on paljon enemmän ampulleja kuin koko Afrikassa.

  • En oerhört dyr vara, hästen avlivas efter att man tagit hand om antikropparna. Därför finns det fler ampuller i europa än i hela Afrika.
Koetetaan pyrkiä tekemään polyvalentteja vasta-ainevalmisteita, jotka voivat vastavaikuttaa usean käärmelajin myrkkyyn. 
 Saharan eteläpuolella tapahtuu 11 500 käärmeenpuremaa ja 7 500 puremasta johtuvaa kuolemantapausta vuosittain. 
Joka vuosi tehdään 6000 - 15 000 myrkyttyneen raajan amputaatiota. 
Tällaista olisi voitu välttää, jos olisi ollut seerumia. Monet ovat vastukset Afrikassa ennen kuin asianmukainen hoito tavoittaa käärmeenpureman uhrin. On ongelmia seerumin varastoimisessa ja paikalletoimituksessa; on taloudellisia ongelmia; hevosten käyttö vasta-aineenvalmistukseen on kallista; tieteellinen tutkimus on riittämätöntä ja käytäntö puuteellista..
  • Man eftersträvar polyvalenta beredningar med antikroppar som kan motverka flera ormarters gift. Söder om Sahara sker 31 500 ormbett och 7 500 dödsfall efter bett per år.
  • Varje år görs 6000- 15 000 amputationer av den förgiftade lemmen. Dessa hade kunnat undvikas om serum funnits. Svårigheterna att nå den ormbitna med adekvat behandling i Afrika är många. Bl.a. lagrings- och distributionsproblem, svårigheter att ordna finansiering,dyrt med hästar för immunoglobulintillverkning, otillräcklig forskning och bristfällig praxis.
Miten toimitaan täkäläisissä (Ruotsalaisissa)  kyykäärmeenpuremissa kesällä?
Älä anna kortisonia. Kortisonista ei ole dokumentoitua tehoa.
Äläkä annan adrenaliinia, ellei ole selvää anafylaksiaa.
Kuljeta potilas sairaalaan tarkkailuun. Siellä annetaan seerumia kun oireet ovat selvät,
kuten kylmänhikisyys ja shokki.

  • Hur gör vi då med våra giftiga huggormars bett i sommar? Ge inte kortison- kortison har ingen dokumenterad effekt. Ge inte heller adrenalin om det inte föreligger en klar anafylaxi. Transportera patienten till sjukhus för övervakning. Serum ges där endast vid klara symtom som kallsvett och chock.
(Kertomus Afrikan matkasta jatkuu lehden seuraavassa numerossa. )
Fortsättning nästa uppslag.
Musitiin 12.7. 2018

onsdag 20 juni 2018

CEBP ja MMP9

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26411364

Oncogene. 2016 Jun 2;35(22):2893-901. doi: 10.1038/onc.2015.350. Epub 2015 Sep 28.

CPEB1 mediates epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition and breast cancer metastasis.

Abstract

In mouse mammary epithelial cells, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1 (CPEB1) mediates the apical localization of ZO-1 mRNA, which encodes a critical tight junction component. In mice lacking CPEB1 and in cultured cells from which CPEB has been depleted, randomly distributed ZO-1 mRNA leads to the loss of cell polarity.

We have investigated whether this diminution of polarity results in an epithelial-to-mesenchyme (EMT) transition and possible increased metastatic potential. Here, we show that CPEB1-depleted mammary epithelial cells alter their gene expression profile in a manner consistent with an EMT and also become motile, which are made particularly robust when cells are treated with transforming growth factor-β, an enhancer of EMT.

CPEB1-depleted mammary cells become metastatic to the lung following injection into mouse fat pads while ectopically expressed CPEB1 prevents metastasis. Surprisingly, CPEB1 depletion causes some EMT/metastasis-related mRNAs to have shorter poly(A) tails while other mRNAs to have longer poly(A) tails.

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) mRNA, which encodes a metastasis-promoting factor, undergoes poly(A) lengthening and enhanced translation upon CPEB reduction.

Moreover, in human breast cancer cells that become progressively more metastatic, CPEB1 is reduced while MMP9 becomes more abundant.

These data suggest that at least in part, CPEB1 regulation of MMP9 mRNA expression mediates metastasis of breast cancer cells.
PMID:
26411364
PMCID:
PMC4809797
DOI:
10.1038/onc.2015.350
[Indexed for MEDLINE]
Free PMC Article

måndag 28 maj 2018

APOBEC järjestelmä ja MMP-järjestelmä CRC:n maksametastaasien välittäjänä

 Toukokuu 28, 2018
LÄHDE: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=APOBEC%2C+Matrixmetalloproteinases
  • Showing results for apobec, matrix metalloproteinases. Your search for APOBEC, Matrixmetalloproteinases retrieved no results.
J Clin Invest. 2011 Nov;121(11):4526-36. doi: 10.1172/JCI45008. Epub 2011 Oct 10.

APOBEC3G promotes liver metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model of colorectal cancer and predicts human hepatic metastasis.


Kolorektaali syöpä on toiseksi johtavin syöpäkuolemien syy USA.ssa. Kolmasosalla syöpään menehtyneistä esiintyy  maksametastaaseja- maksa on tavallisin metastaasipaikka tässä syövässä.  Vielä 2011  kolorektaalisyövän maksametastaaseja  funktionaalisesti ratkaisevasti moduloivat geenit ja molekulaariset mekanismit ovat olleet epäselviä. Tässä työssä tutkijoilla on ortotooppinen maksasyövän hiirimalli, kun he selvittivät sitä geeniastelmaa, jolla on tärkeä osa kolorektaalin syövän maksametastaasien välittämisessä.  Nämä geenit ovat APOBEC3G, CD133, LIPC ja S100P.
 Kliinisesti on havaittu ihmisen maksasyöpä metastaasikohortissa ja vastaavissa CRC- primäärituumoreissa näiden geenien olevan korkeasti ilmentymiä, joten saatatisi olla mahdollista käyttää näitä geenejä maksasyöpämetastaasien todennäköisyyden  prediktiossa.  Tutkijat havaitsivat myös uuden mekanismin, jossa APOBEC3G  edisti  kolorektaalisyövän maksametastaaseja MMP-2:n  miR-29-välitteisen suprression  inhibitiolla.  Yhteenvetona  tiedoista   selviää avaintekijöitä ja mekanismeja, jotka osallistuvat kolorektaalisen syöpän maksametastaaseihin ja ne voisivat toimia mahdollisina diagnostisina ja terapeuttisina  kohteina
  • Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in the United States. Metastases in the liver, the most common metastatic site for colorectal cancer, are found in one-third of the patients who die of colorectal cancer. 
  • Currently, the genes and molecular mechanisms that are functionally critical in modulating colorectal cancer hepatic metastasis remain unclear. 
  • Here, we report our studies using functional selection in an orthotopic mouse model of colorectal cancer to identify a set of genes that play an important role in mediating colorectal cancer liver metastasis. These genes included APOBEC3G, CD133, LIPC, and S100P. Clinically, we found these genes to be highly expressed in a cohort of human hepatic metastasis and their primary colorectal tumors, suggesting that it might be possible to use these genes to predict the likelihood of hepatic metastasis.
  •  We have further revealed what we believe to be a novel mechanism in which APOBEC3G promotes colorectal cancer hepatic metastasis through inhibition of miR-29-mediated suppression of MMP2. Together, our data elucidate key factors and mechanisms involved in colorectal cancer liver metastasis, which could be potential targets for diagnosis and treatment.

s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=APOBEC%2C+Matrixmetalloproteinases


Löytyi myös tekijä, joka vähentää CRC invasiivisuutta:
LÄHDE:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25356626 

Nutr Cancer. 2014;66(8):1352-61. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2014.956258. Epub 2014 Oct 30.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediates the ability of retinol to decrease colorectal cancer cell invasion. Lengyel JN1, Park EY, Brunson AR, Pinali D, Lane MA.

Abstract

Previously, we showed that retinol (vitamin A) decreased both colorectal cancer cell invasion and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity through a retinoic acid receptor (RARa) -independent mechanism. Here, we determined if these phenomena were related by using parental HCT-116 cells that harbor 1 allele of wild-type PI3K and 1 allele of constitutively active (ca) PI3K and 2 mutant HCT-116 cell lines homozygous for caPI3K. In vitro, treatment of parental HCT-116 cells with 10 μM retinol reduced cell invasion whereas treatment of mutant HCT-116 cell lines with retinol did not. Treatment with 10 μM retinol also decreased the activity of matrixmetalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and increased tissue inhibitor of matrixmetalloproteinase-I (TIMP-1)  levels in parental, but not mutant, HCT-116 cells. Finally, parental or mutant cells were intrasplenically injected into athymic mice consuming diets with or without supplemental vitamin A. As expected, vitamin A supplementation tended (P = 0.18) to reduce the incidence of metastases in mice injected with the parental cell line and consuming the supplemented diet. In contrast, metastatic incidence was not affected (P = 1.00) by vitamin A supplementation in mice injected with mutant cells. These data indicate that the capacity of retinol to inhibit PI3K activity confers its ability to decrease colorectal cancer metastasis.