https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheddase
SHEDDAASIT ovat kalvoon sitoutuneita entsyymejä, jotka pystyvät aiirä sijainnistaan pilkkomaan irti kalvon läpi ulottuvien muiden proteiinien solunulkoista osaa, ektodomeenia, liukoiseksi kappaleeksi. KATSO KUVA:
Nämä sheddaasientsyymit voivat täten aktivoida kalvon läpi ulottuvia proteiineja, jos kyse on reseptoriproteiineista ( esim HER2) tai ne voivat leikata irti osan kalvon läpäisevästä proteiinista silloinkin kun se on jo sitoutuneena agonistiinsa ja niin katkaistu palanen voi vaikuttavan agonistin kanssa ( esim EGFR) päästä stimuloimaan jonkin toisen solun reseptoria.
Pääsheddaaseja ovat ADAM-10 ja ADAM-17 ja niitä vastaan kehitetyt sheddaasi-inhibiittorit voivat vahvistaa syövänvastaista terapiaa.
Sheddases are membrane-bound enzymes that cleave extracellular portions of transmembrane proteins, releasing the soluble ectodomains from the cell surface. Many sheddases are members of the ADAM or aspartic protease (BACE) protein families.[1]
These enzymes can activate a transmembrane protein if it is a receptor (e.g., HER2), or cut off the part of the transmembrane protein which has already bound an agonist (e.g., in the case of EGFR), allowing this agonist to go and stimulate a receptor on another cell. Sheddase inhibitors active on ADAM10 and ADAM17 can potentiate anti-cancer therapy.[2] .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheddase#/media/File:Ectodomain_shedding_en.svg
Sheddaasin funktiosta (Functions)
On oletettu, että sheddaasien aktiivisuutta tapahtuu suhteessa yleiseen entsymaattisen aktiivisuuteen. Tutkimukset viittaavat siihen, että sen sijaan sheddaasit olisivat suhteessa fosfatidyyliseriinialtistukseen. ( Fosfatidyyliseriini, PS, solun ulkopinnalla fosfolipidikalvossa on solun ikääntymisen merkki) . Artikkelissa kerrotaan eräästä tutkimuksesta PSA-3 soluilla: Kun näiden solujen kyky syntetisoida fosfatidyyliseriiniä aleni, havaittiin sheddaasiaktiviteetin vähentyneen. kun solut jälleen pystyivät syntetisoimaan fosfatidyyliseriiniä, sheddaasiaktiivisuus palasi. Tästä tutkijat tekivät johtopäätöksen, että fosfatidyyliseiinialtistus olisi välttämätön soluille, jota ne voivat ilmentää sheddaasiaktiivisuutta.( Oma kommentti: tätä PS-näkökohtaa en ole ennen huomannut. Solun fosfolipidien homeostaasissa on flip-flop-scrambling mekanismi, jossa kaikki kalvolipidit siirtyvät omiin suhteellisiin asemiinsa ja tätä tasapainoa ylläpitää kalvon energiatila ja kalvopotentiaali, koko ihmiskehossa riippuu tästä normaalsita kalvoorganisaatiosta. Fosfatidyyliseriinin pitäisi normaalisti sijaita kalvon sisäosiin päin ja vanhenevassa kalvossa se nousee pintaan, mikä antaa merkin siitä, että solu on valmis fysiologiseen apoptoitumiseen. Saattaa olla että tämä aktivoi disintegraaseja nopeasti avustamaan ja hajoittamaan solukerroksia monitahoisesti - niillä on kymmenittäin substraatteja - ja altistamaan solun tulehduksettomaan katoamiseen, jota fysiologinen apoptoosi on. Epäfysiologiseen apotoosiin liittyy tulehdustekijä moni patologia).
- It has been postulated that the activity of sheddases occurs in relation to the amount of general enzymatic activity. Research indicates that sheddases are instead related to phosphatidylserine exposure. When PSA-3 cells' ability to synthesize phospatidylserine was repressed, sheddase activity decreased, and the sheddase activity returned to normal levels when the cells were again able to synthesize phosphatidylserine. This led researchers to conclude that phosphatidyserine exposure is necessary for cells to exhibit sheddase activity.[3]
Voiko sheddaaseja hyödyntää kliinisesti? (Uses)
Sheddaasientsyymien mekanismien ja funktioiden takia niitä on tutkittu tarkoituksella löytää mahdollisia lääketieteellisiä käyttöjä. yksi tällainen käyttömahdollisuus olisi allergisten vasteiden ja immuunijärjestelmän prosessien hoito.ADAM10 vastaa muun muassa CD23-immunoglobuliinireseptorin ektodomaanin irrottamisesta ja tästä seuraa liukoista sCD23, jota esiintyy sitten seerumissa ja se taas vaikuttaa immuunivasteita. Joillain yksilöillä voi alkaa tulehduksellinen tauti kuten astma. Ottaen huomioon , että ADAM10 sheddaasientsyyminä pilkkoo irti liukoista (soluble) CD23:a ja lisää liukoisen , kiertävän sCD23:n pitoisuuksia, on mahdollista hoitaa aiheutuvia tauteja kohdistetusti estämällä sheddaasifunktiota.
- Due to the nature of the mechanisms and functions of sheddase enzymes, they have been studied on the basis of discovering possible uses in medicine. One such use is in the treatment of allergic responses and other processes of the immune system. ADAM10 is responsible for the shedding of the CD23 Immunoglobulin receptor, which releases soluble sCD23.[4] sCD23 present in the blood serum contributes to immune response and, to some, the onset of inflammatory disease such as asthma. Given that ADAM10 sheddase cleaves CD23 and increases the levels of sCD23, possible treatments for these diseases may center around the inhibition of sheddase function.
- Tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE) is a sheddase protein that has been observed in many types of cancer and could serve as an important Biomarker (medicine) used in the detection of cancer.[5] While the expression of TACE does not directly correlate with particular stages of cancer, the shedding activity of the enzyme is significantly more prominent in head and neck cancer cells compared to normal cultured cells.[5]
See also
It has become clear in the past years that ectodomain shedding is an initial step for the activation of specific receptors such as Notch, ErbB-4 and the angiopoietin receptor Tie-1. Notch-1 signaling is essential for endothelial differentiation, and tumor angiogenesis, while the angiopoietin receptor Tie-1 facilitates embryonic blood vessel formation.[12][13] Upon binding of their ligands, Notch-1 and Tie-1 undergo proteolytic cleavage of the ectodomains by ADAM17 and ADAM10. This cleavage frees the cytoplasmic fragment for cellular signaling, in the case of Notch-1, it transfers to the nucleus. Many cytokines and growth factors are synthesized as membrane bound proforms which undergo proteolytic shedding for activation. The ephrins EPH receptor A2 and A3 are shed by ADAM10 creating cleaved soluble Eph receptors, which inhibit tumor angiogenesis in mice.[14] Additional examples are the proteolytic shedding of soluble E-selectin,[15] shedding of urokinase receptor (uPAR) by MMP-12 creating soluble uPAR which has chemotactic properties for leukocytes and progenitor cells, and the shedding of interleukin-6 receptors by ADAM10 and ADAM17 which facilitates interleukin-6 signaling in endothelial cells.[16] Semaphorin 4D is cleaved from its membrane bound form by MT1-MMP (MMP-14) in tumor cells; it then interacts with plexin B1 on endothelial cells promoting pro-angiogenic chemotaxis.[17] Shedding of a membrane anchored cytokine or growth factor by ADAM proteinases may be relevant for various signal transduction events. Alternatively, shedding may be required for the ligand to diffuse to distant receptors. Shedding may be required for the down regulation of signals by removing signaling ligands, or cleavage and release of receptors. Release of the receptor may also generate soluble receptors which act as decoys by sequestering ligands. These findings indicate that ectodomain shedding is a ubiquitous process facilitating a wide variety of cellular events involved in angiogenesis. Because potent biological modifiers are generated, it is likely controlled by highly regulated mechanism. Along with ADAMs and MT-MMPs, membrane bound serine proteases also may play a role in ectodomain shedding.
References
- R&D Systems (Winter 2006). "Need help at the cell surface? Ask your local sheddase". Cytokine Bulletin.
Sheddases
cleave membrane proteins at the cell surface, releasing soluble
ectodomains with altered location and function. Some sheddases are
membrane proteins themselves that belong to metalloprotease (ADAM and
MMP) or aspartic protease (BACE) families. Their activity can be
constitutive or regulated through various processes such as PKC
activation, Ca2+ influx, and lipid rafts.1-3
A single sheddase may cleave a variety of substrates. A classic example in this category, ADAM17, was initially identified as TNF-alpha-converting Enzyme (TACE), and is known to shed a variety of growth factors, receptors, and adhesion molecules.1,4 This suggests that overall conformations of the substrates are more important than primary amino acid sequences in determining the accessibility for cleavage by sheddases.
Multiple sheddases can cleave the same substrate. Under certain circumstances this may result in different consequences. ADAM17, ADAM10, and MMP-14/MT1-MMP are all known to shed CD44, an adhesion molecule that interacts with hyaluronic acid in the ECM.2 Additionally, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing by alpha, or by beta- and gamma-secretases has differential effects on the production of alpha beta peptide, a major plaque component found in brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Cleavage of APP by beta-secretase (BACE-1 and -2) creates a substrate for gamma-secretase, resulting in alpha beta peptide production. In contrast, alpha-secretase (ADAM10, 17 and 9) cleavage between the beta- and gamma-secretase sites prevents alpha beta peptide production.5 Juxtamembrane cleavage that creates a substrate for further processing that results in the release of a cytoplasmic domain has been termed regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Notch processing by ADAM10 RIP liberates the Notch intracellular domain, allowing it to translocate to the nucleus and activate the transcription of target genes.6
- Healthvalue: Sheddases and ADAMs
- Sommer, Anselm; Kordowski, Felix; Büch, Joscha; Maretzky, Thorsten; Evers, Astrid; Andrä, Jörg; Düsterhöft, Stefan; Michalek, Matthias; Lorenzen, Inken (2016-05-10). "Phosphatidylserine exposure is required for ADAM17 sheddase function". Nature Communications. 7. doi:10.1038/ncomms11523. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4866515. PMID 27161080.
- "ADAM10 is a principal 'sheddase' of the low-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor CD23" (PDF). Retrieved November 5, 2016.
- "Sheddase Activity of Tumor Necrosis Factor- Converting Enzyme Is Increased and Prognostically Valuable in Head and Neck Cancer". Retrieved 2016-11-05.
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