https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785505/
Front Biosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Published online 2009 Jan 1.
PMCID: PMC2785505
NIHMSID: NIHMS156530
THE ROLE OF SALIVA IN TICK FEEDING
Abstract
When
attempting to feed on their hosts,
ticks face the problem of
Recent progress in transcriptome research has uncovered that hard ticks have hundreds of different proteins expressed in their salivary glands, the majority of which have no known function, and include many novel protein families (e.g., their primary structure is unique to ticks).
(1) This review will address the vertebrate mechanisms of these barriers as a guide to identify the possible targets of these large numbers of known salivary proteins with unknown function.
(2) We additionally provide a supplemental table that catalogues over 3,500 putative salivary proteins from various tick species, which might assist the scientific community in the process of functional identification of these unique proteins.
This supplemental file is accessble from http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/tick_review/Sup-Table-1.xls.gz.
ticks face the problem of
- host hemostasis (the vertebrate mechanisms that prevent blood loss),
- inflammation (that can produce itching or pain and thus initiate defensive behavior on their hosts)
- and immunity (by way of both cellular and humoral responses).
Recent progress in transcriptome research has uncovered that hard ticks have hundreds of different proteins expressed in their salivary glands, the majority of which have no known function, and include many novel protein families (e.g., their primary structure is unique to ticks).
(1) This review will address the vertebrate mechanisms of these barriers as a guide to identify the possible targets of these large numbers of known salivary proteins with unknown function.
(2) We additionally provide a supplemental table that catalogues over 3,500 putative salivary proteins from various tick species, which might assist the scientific community in the process of functional identification of these unique proteins.
This supplemental file is accessble from http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/tick_review/Sup-Table-1.xls.gz.
It is possible that the diversity of salivary proteins found in tick saliva reflects a fast evolutionary scenario driven by an arms race between the tick proteins and the adaptive immunity of their hosts.
Gene duplications initially may confer an advantage by creating an increased tissue expression of the gene product.
Later on, diversion of function, or acquisition of new functions may occur with the duplicated gene [414, 415].
The fast diversification of the salivary protein families could be the result of acquisition of novel functions, as might be the case with the main lipocalins families, but they may also reflect maintenance of function with diversification in epitopes, as may be the case with the Ixodes family of anticomplement proteins [237, 240, 381],
or in the more closely related lipocalins subfamilies in the same species [238]. These different genes may also be expressed at different stages or times after host attachment, thus helping evasion of these molecules by the host immune response.
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