tisdagen den 8:e maj 2012

Halofuginoni estää ECM saostumia diabeetisessa nefropatiassa

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Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is known to promote the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the development of diabetic nephropathy. Halofuginone, an analog of febrifugine, has been shown to block TGF-beta(1) signaling and subsequent type I collagen production. Here, the inhibitory effect of halofuginone on diabetic nephropathy was examined. Halofuginone suppressed Smad2 phosphorylation induced by TGF-beta(1) in cultured mesangial cells. In addition, the expression of TGF-beta type 2 receptor decreased by halofuginone. Halofuginone showed an inhibitory effect on type I collagen and fibronectin expression promoted by TGF-beta(1). An in vivo experiment using db/db mice confirmed the ability of halofuginone to suppress mesangial expansion and fibronectin overexpression in the kidneys. Moreover, an analysis of urinary 8-OHdG level and dihydroethidium fluorescence revealed that halofuginone reduced oxidative stress in the glomerulus of db/db mice. These data indicate that halofuginone prevents ECM deposition and decreases oxidative stress, thereby suppressing the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Angiogeneesin progressiion estäjä HALOFUGINONI

FASEB J. 2000 Dec;14(15):2477-85.

Halofuginone: a potent inhibitor of critical steps in angiogenesis progression.

Source

Departments of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.

Abstract

We have previously demonstrated that halofuginone, a low molecular weight quinazolinone alkaloid, is a potent inhibitor of collagen alpha1(I) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene expression. Halofuginone also effectively suppresses tumor progression and metastasis in mice. These results together with the well-documented role of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and matrix degrading enzymes in formation of new blood vessels led us to investigate the effect of halofuginone on the angiogenic process. In a variety of experimental system, representing sequential events in the angiogenic cascade, halofuginone treatment resulted in profound inhibitory effect. Among these are the abrogation of endothelial cell MMP-2 expression and basement membrane invasion, capillary tube formation, and vascular sprouting, as well as deposition of subendothelial ECM. The most conclusive anti-angiogenic activity of halofuginone was demonstrated in vivo (mouse corneal micropocket assay) by showing a marked inhibition of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) -induced neovascularization in response to systemic administration of halofuginone, either i.p. or in the diet. The ability of halofuginone to interfere with key events in neovascularization, together with its oral bioavailability and safe use as an anti-parasitic agent, make it a promising drug for further evaluation in the treatment of a wide range of diseases associated with pathological angiogenesis.

fredagen den 13:e januari 2012

Angiogeneesin säätely

Angiogeneesistä uusis väitöskirja. MMP osallistuu angiogeneesin säätelyyn.
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fredagen den 16:e december 2011

TIMP

J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 3;275(9):6657-63.Upstream tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) element-1, a novel and essential regulatory DNA motif in the human TIMP-1 gene promoter, directly interacts with a 30-kDa nuclear protein.

Source

Liver Research Group, Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, South Academic Block, Level D, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Elevated expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) protein and mRNA has been reported in human diseases including cancers and tissue fibrosis. Regulation of TIMP-1 gene expression is mainly mediated at the level of gene transcription and involves the activation of several well known transcription factors including those belonging to the AP-1, STAT, and Pea3/Ets families. In the current study, we have used DNase-1 footprinting to identify a new regulatory element (5'-TGTGGTTTCCG-3') present in the human TIMP-1 gene promoter. Mutagenesis and transfection studies in culture-activated rat hepatic stellate cells and the human Jurkat T cell line demonstrated that the new element named upstream TIMP-1 element-1 (UTE-1) is essential for transcriptional activity of the human TIMP-1 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay studies revealed that UTE-1 can form protein-DNA complexes of distinct mobilities with nuclear extracts from a variety of mammalian cell types and showed that induction of a high mobility UTE-1 complex is associated with culture activation of freshly isolated rat hepatic stellate cells. A combination of UV-cross-linking and Southwestern blotting techniques demonstrated that UTE-1 directly interacts with a 30-kDa nuclear protein that appears to be present in all cell types tested. We conclude that UTE-1 is a novel regulatory element that in combination with its cellular binding proteins may be an important component of the mechanisms controlling TIMP-1 expression in normal and pathological states.

PMID:
10692475
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Free full text

TIMP

J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 3;275(9):6657-63. Upstream tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) element-1, a novel and essential regulatory DNA motif in the human TIMP-1 gene promoter, directly interacts with a 30-kDa nuclear protein.

Source

Liver Research Group, Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, South Academic Block, Level D, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Elevated expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) protein and mRNA has been reported in human diseases including cancers and tissue fibrosis. Regulation of TIMP-1 gene expression is mainly mediated at the level of gene transcription and involves the activation of several well known transcription factors including those belonging to the AP-1, STAT, and Pea3/Ets families. In the current study, we have used DNase-1 footprinting to identify a new regulatory element (5'-TGTGGTTTCCG-3') present in the human TIMP-1 gene promoter. Mutagenesis and transfection studies in culture-activated rat hepatic stellate cells and the human Jurkat T cell line demonstrated that the new element named upstream TIMP-1 element-1 (UTE-1) is essential for transcriptional activity of the human TIMP-1 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay studies revealed that UTE-1 can form protein-DNA complexes of distinct mobilities with nuclear extracts from a variety of mammalian cell types and showed that induction of a high mobility UTE-1 complex is associated with culture activation of freshly isolated rat hepatic stellate cells. A combination of UV-cross-linking and Southwestern blotting techniques demonstrated that UTE-1 directly interacts with a 30-kDa nuclear protein that appears to be present in all cell types tested. We conclude that UTE-1 is a novel regulatory element that in combination with its cellular binding proteins may be an important component of the mechanisms controlling TIMP-1 expression in normal and pathological states.

PMID:
10692475
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Free full text

lördagen den 10:e september 2011

Varsinaisen ANGIOSTATIININ muodostus plasminogeenista

http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/66/14/7211/F5.medium.gif
Varsinainen konventionelli järjestelmä on uPA välitteinen plasminogeenin pilkkoutuminen plasmiiniksi ja siitä aina pieni prosentti muuttuu anti-angiogeeniseksi, veressä kulkevaksi ANGIOSTATIINIKSI normaalisti.
Tämä kuvaa systeemin valmiustilaa, joka sitten on moduloitavissa tai valmiina menemään epäkuntoonkin .

Figure 5.

Model of plasminogen, plasmin, and AS4.5 interaction with β-actin on the cell surface. Plasminogen (PLGN) binds to the cell surface actin via kringle 5. Urokinase (uPA), bound to its receptor (uPAR), cleaves plasminogen to plasmin (PLSMN). Plasmin remains tightly bound to actin. Plasmin, when bound to actin, undergoes autoproteolysis within kringle 5 to form AS4.5. AS4.5, with truncation of kringle 5, can no longer bind to actin, is released from the cell surface, and can enter the systemic circulation. Thus, plasmin, with proangiogenic activity, remains surface bound to act locally, whereas AS4.5, a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, acts systemically.

MMP-19 ja angiostatiinin kaltainen vaikutus

Matriksin metalloproteinaasi-MMP-19 estää verisuonen sisäpinnan endoteelin kasvua kehkeyttämällä plasminogeenista angiostatiinin kaltaisia pätkiä.

LÄHDE:
BMC Biochem.
2011 Jul 25;12:38. Matrix metalloproteinase-19 inhibits growth of endothelial cells by generating angiostatin-like fragments from plasminogen.

Source

Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany. radislav.sedlacek@img.cas.cz.

Abstract (Tiivistelmä suomennettuna)

BACKGROUND:Tausta

Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels from existing ones and requires degradation of the vascular basement membrane and remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) in order to allow endothelial cells to migrate and invade into the surrounding tissue.

ANGIOGENEESI on sellainen prosessi, jossa muodostuu uusia verisuonia jo olevista verisuonista ja siinä tapahtumassa täytyy verisuonen basaalikalvon hajota ja solun ulkoisen matriksinkin on hajottava, jotta endoteelisolut pääsevät ryömimään ja invasoitumaan ympäröivään kudokseen.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are considered to play a central role in the remodeling of basement membranes and ECM.

Matriksin metalloproteinaaseilla (MMP) on katsottu olevan keskeinen osuus solujen basaalikalvon ja solun ulkoisen matriksin uudelleenmuokkauksessa.

However, MMPs contribute to vascular remodeling not only by degrading ECM components.

Mutta MMP-entsyymit osallistuvat verisuonten uudelleenmuodostumiseen muullakin tavalla kuin solun ulkoisen matriksin komponenttien hajoituksella.

Specific MMPs enhance angiogenesis via several ways; they help pericytes to detach from vessels undergoing angiogenesis, release ECM-bound angiogenic growth factors, expose cryptic pro-angiogenic integrin binding sites in the ECM, generate promigratory ECM component fragments, and cleave endothelial cell-cell adhesions.

Spesifiset MMP-molekyylit kiihdyttävät ANGIOGENEESIÄ monin tavoin; ne avustavat perisyyttejä irtoamaan verisuonista angiogeenin aikana,

ne vapauttavat solunulkoiseen matriksiin sitoutuneita angiogeenisiä kasvutekijöitä,

ne paljastavat solunulkoisessa kalvossa kätkössä olleita angiogeenisuutta edistäviä integriiniä sitovia kohtia,

ne kehkeyttävät migraatiota edistäviä solunulkoisen matriksin fragmentteja ja pilkkovat endoteelisolujen keskeisiä liittymiä.

MMPs can also negatively influence the angiogenic process through generating endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors by proteolytic cleavage.

Toisaalta MMP molekyylien taholta vaikutetaan myös vastakkaiseen suuntaan, angiogeenistä prosessia vastaan, kehkeyttämällä proteolyyttisellä pilkkoutumisella ANGIOGENEESIN ESTÄJÄÄ, inhibiittoria.

Angiostatin, a proteolytic fragment of plasminogen, is one of the most potent antagonists of angiogenesis that inhibits migration and proliferation of endothelial cells.

ANGIOSTATIINI, plasminogeenin proteolyyttinen pätkä, on eräs vahvin ANGIOGENEESIN VASTAVAIKUTTAJA, antagonisti, joka pystyy estämään verisuonen endoteelisolujen migroitumisia ja proliferoitumisia

Reports have shown that metalloelastase, pancreas elastase, plasmin reductase, and plasmin convert plasminogen to angiostatin.

Mitkä entsyymit pystyvät muutamaan plasminogeenin ANGIOSTATIINIKSI?

On raportoitu, että metalloelastaasi, pankreaselastaasi, plasmiinireduktaasi ja plasmiini voivat muuttaa plasminogeenia ANGIOSTATIINIKSI.

RESULTS:Tuloksista

We report here that MMP-19 processes human plasminogen in a characteristic cleavage pattern to generate three angiostatin-like fragments with a molecular weight of 35, 38, and 42 kDa.

Tutkijaryhmä raportoi tässä artikkelissa, että MMP-19 prosessoi ihmisen plasminogeenimolekyyliä tyypillisellä pilkkomistavalla siten, että kehkeytyy kolme ANGIOSTATIININ-KALTAISTA pätkää, joiden molekyylipainot ovat 35, 38 ja 42 kDa.

These fragments released by MMP-19 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HMEC cells by 27% (p = 0.01) and reduced formation of capillary-like structures by 45% (p = 0.05) compared with control cells.

MMP-19 entsyymipilkkoutumalla vapautuneilla pätkillä oli merkitsevää tehoa estää solujen proliferoituminen ja vähentää hiussuonien kaltaisten struktuurien muodostusta.

As it is known that angiostatin blocks hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced pro-angiogenic signaling in endothelial cells due to structural similarities to HGF, we have analyzed if the plasminogen fragments generated by MMP-19 interfere with this pathway.

Tiedetään , että ANGIOSTATIINI pystyy blokeeraamaan maksasolujen kasvutekijän aiheuttaman angiogeenisyyttä edistävän signaloinnin endoteelisoluista, koska se muistuttaa rakenteeltaan HGF-molekyyliä.

Nyt tutkijat selvittivät, onko MMP-19 proteaasin kehkeyttämillä plasminogeenipätkillä edellämainitun tyyppinen vuorovaikutus angiogeneesin signalointiteihin

As it involves the activation of c-met, the receptor of HGF, we could show that MMP-19-dependent processing of plasminogen decreases the phosphorylation of c-met.

HGF kasvutekijän reseptorina toimii c-met, jonka aktivoituminen on kyseesssä. Nyt tutkijat osoittivat, että plasminogeenin prosessoituminen MMP-19 proteaasilla vähentää c-met fosforylaatiota ( reseptorin aktivoitumista).

CONCLUSION:Yhteenvetona

Altogether, MMP-19 exhibits an anti-angiogenic effect on endothelial cells via generation of angiostatin-like fragments.

MMP-19 matriksmetalloproteaasi omaa ANTI-ANGIOGEENISIÄ vaikutuksia verisuonen endoteelisoluihin kehkeyttämällä ANGIOSTATIININ-KALTAISIA proteiinipätkiä.

PMID:
21787393
[PubMed - in process]

PMCID: PMC3160879

Free PMC Article